Table of Contents

Introduction

Part I The Vowels

  1. Vowel 1 /i/ 8
  2. Vowel 2 // 10
  3. Vowel 3 // 12
  4. Vowel 4 // 13
  5. Vowel 5 // 15
  6. Vowel 6 /a/ 17
  7. Vowel 7 // 19
  8. Vowel 8 /u/ 20
  9. Vowel 9 // 21
  10. Vowel 10 /o/ 22
  11. Vowel 11 /a/ 23
  12. Vowel 12 /a/ 24
  13. Vowel 13 // 25
  14. Vowel 14 /e/ 25
  15. Vowel 15 // 27
  16. Vowels 16+ Variations of // 28
  17. Vowel Reduction 31

Part II The Consonants

  1. Consonant 1 /r/ 33
  2. Consonant 2 /l/ 35
  3. Consonant 3 /p/ 36
  4. Consonant 4 /f/ 38
  5. Consonants 5 /b/ 39
  6. Consonant 6 /v/ 40
  7. Consonant 7 /s/ 43
  8. Consonant 8 /z/ 45
  9. Consonant 9 // 46
  10. Consonant 10 // 48
  11. Consonant 11 /t/ 49
  12. Consonant 12 /d/ 50
  13. Consonant 13 // 52
  14. Consonant 14 // 54
  15. Consonant 15 /w / 56
  16. Consonant 16 /m/ 57
  17. Consonant 17 /n/ 57
  18. Consonant 18 / / 58
  19. Consonant 19 /h/ 59
  20. Consonant 20 /k/ 61ontents- Continued
  21. Consonant 21 /g/ 62
  22. Consonant 22 /j/ 63
  23. Consonant 23 /t/ 65
  24. Consonant 24 /d/ 66
  25. Consonant 25 “the tap” /t/ 67
  26. Consonant 26 the glottal stop /t/ 68

Part III Stress and Intonation

  1. Introduction to stress and intonation 71
  2. Syllable Stress in words of two syllables 72
  3. Syllable stress in words of three or more syllables 73
  4. Focus Words explained 76
  5. Jump and jump down intonation pattern 78
  6. Jump up and glide down intonation pattern 79
  7. Focus words in mini-dialogs 80
  8. Intonation in yes/no questions 81
  9. Intonation in information questions 82

Part IV Connected Speech

  1. Introduction to connected speech 84
  2. Linking vowels to vowels 86
  3. Linking consonants to consonants 88
  4. Linking consonants to vowels 89

Part V Reduced Forms

  1. Introduction to reduced forms 90
  2. Reduced forms Exercises 93

Appendix A: List of languages and their most problematic vowels 91

Appendix B: List of languages and their most prob

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